​

evolution of sloths

​

​

Gaudin, T. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships among sloths (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Tardigrada): the craniodental evidence. Zoological Journal Of The Linnean Society, 140(2), 255-305. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00100.x

​

Hautier, L., Weisbecker, V., Sanchez-Villagra, M., Goswami, A., & Asher, R. (2010). Skeletal development in sloths and the evolution of mammalian vertebral patterning. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 107(44), 18903-18908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010335107

​

Slater, G., Cui, P., Forasiepi, A., Lenz, D., Tsangaras, K., & Voirin, B. et al. (2016). Evolutionary Relationships among Extinct and Extant Sloths: The Evidence of Mitogenomes and Retroviruses. Genome Biology And Evolution, 8(3), 607-621. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw023

​

Vizcaíno, S., & Bargo, M. (2014). Loss of Ancient Diversity of Xenarthrans and the Value of Protecting Extant Armadillos, Sloths and Anteaters. Edentata, 15(1), 27-38. doi: 10.5537/020.015.0111

​

Vizcaíno, S. (2009). The teeth of the “toothless”: novelties and key innovations in the evolution of xenarthrans (Mammalia, Xenarthra). Paleobiology, 35(3), 343-366. doi: 10.1666/0094-8373-35.3.343

​

​

physiology and anatomy of sloths  

​

Clauss, M. (2004). The potential interplay of posture, digestive anatomy, density of ingesta and gravity in mammalian herbivores: why sloths do not rest upside down. Mammal Review, 34(3), 241-245. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2004.00039.x

​

Dial, D. Two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus):  

Ten years of management at the National Aquarium. 2019 Animal Keepers Forum 46 (5) 46 

​

Emerling CA, Springer MS. 2015 Genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for Xenarthra Proc. R. Soc. B 282: 20142192. 

​

Garcés-Restrepo, M., Peery, M., Reid, B., & Pauli, J. (2017). Individual reproductive strategies shape the mating system of tree sloths. Journal Of Mammalogy. doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx094

 

Gilmore, D., Da-Costa, C., & Duarte, D. (2000). An update on the physiology of two- and three-toed sloths. Brazilian Journal Of Medical And Biological Research, 33(2), 129-146. doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000200001

​

McAfee, R., & Green, J. (2015). The role of bite force in the formation of orthodentine microwear in tree sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Folivora): Implications for feeding ecology. Archives Of Oral Biology, 60(1), 181-192. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.09.014

​

Michel, A., Silva, F., Barbosa, F., de Carvalho, T., Pinto, J., & Santos, R. (2017). Ulcerative and necrotizing gastritis in a captive sloth (Bradypus variegatus, xenarthra, bradypodidae) due to severe parasitism with Papaleiuris locchis (Nematoda, spirocercidae). Journal Of Zoo And Wildlife Medicine, 48(1), 255-259. doi: 10.1638/2016-0135.1

​

Moreno, S., & Plese, T. (2006). The Illegal Traffic in Sloths and Threats to Their Survival in Colombia. Edentata, 7(1), 10. doi: 10.1896/1413-4411.7.1.10

​

Pauli, J., Mendoza, J., Steffan, S., Carey, C., Weimer, P., & Peery, M. (2014). A syndrome of mutualism reinforces the lifestyle of a sloth. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1778), 20133006. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3006

​

Scholander, P., & Krog, J. (1957). Countercurrent Heat Exchange and Vascular Bundles in Sloths. Journal Of Applied Physiology, 10(3), 405-411. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1957.10.3.405

 

Sibaja-Morales, K., de Oliveira, J., Jiménez Rocha, A., Gamboa, J., Gamboa, J., & Arroyo Murillo, F. et al. (2009). Gastrointestinal Parasites and Ectoparasites of Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni Sloths in Captivity from Costa Rica. Journal Of Zoo And Wildlife Medicine, 40(1), 86-90. doi: 10.1638/2008-0036.1

​

Suutari, M., Majaneva, M., Fewer, D., Voirin, B., Aiello, A., & Friedl, T. et al. (2010). Molecular evidence for a diverse green algal community growing in the hair of sloths and a specific association with Trichophilus welckeri (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10(1), 86. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-86

 

Taube, E., Keravec, J., Vié, J., & Duplantier, J. (2008). Reproductive biology and postnatal development in sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus: review with original data from the field (French Guiana) and from captivity. Mammal Review, 31(3-4), 173-188. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x

​

Vizcaíno, S., & Loughry, W. (2008). The biology of the Xenarthra. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

​

medical reference

​

​ Miller, E., Lamberski, N., Calle. P. Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy Volume 9

​

​

scientific illustrations of sloths

​

Dial, D. (2021). Fat Deposition in Two-toed Sloths (Choloepus didactylus). Scientific illustration by Jason Brady

​

Dial, D. (2020). Choloepus didactylus Dentition. Scientific illustration by Emily Slapin

​

Dial, D. (2018).  Digestive Anatomy of Choloepus didactylus  Scientific illustration by Lohihta Kethu

​

Dial, D. (2015).  The First Year of Development in Linne’s Two-toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus) Scientific illustration by Rose Perry

​